High School Life Essay

†¢ The external center is in the scope of 200 to 300 kilometers (125 to 188 miles) thick and speaks to about 4% of the mantle-outside layer mass. This layer is some of the time distinguished as a component of the lower mantle because of its topographical nature. In any case, concentrates on seismic discontinuities recommend that this â€Å"D† layer may contrast synthetically rom the lower mantle lying above it. †¢ Looking at the lower mantle, its synthetic omposition incorporates silicon, magnesium, and oxygen. Undoubtedly, it most likely additionally contains some iron, calcium, and aluminum. This layer is included 72.9% of the antle-hull mass, making the Earth plentiful in the synthetic components of silicon, magnesium and oxygen, the layer’s essential parts. †¢ 3. Higher up, we experience the upper mantle. Through unearthings in volcanoes, researchers have discovered that this piece of the outside layer makes out of 15.3% of the complete mantle-covering mass and is made of crystalline types of Olivine (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 and pyroxene (Mg,Fe)SiO3. The upper mantle makes up 10.3% of the Earth’s mass, expanding a profundity of 6-250 miles (10-400 kilometers). A moderately enormous part when contrasted with the other inside layers. This layer isn't totally made of strong minerals for researchers hypothesize that the asthenosphere could be mostly fluid liquid. †¢ D: The D† layer of Earth is about 3% of Earth’s mass, is 125 to 188 miles (200 to 300 kilometers) thick and covers about 4% of the mantle-outside layer mass. This layer, regarding whether it is a piece of the lower mantle or an autonomous layer is still to some degree muddled. In view of proof gathered from seismic discontinuities, the D† layer may vary in substance sythesis from the lower mantle above it. †¢ The following layer, the Transition area contains 7.5% of Earth’s mass with a profundity of 250-406 miles (400-650 kilometers). This layer is otherwise called the mesosphere and is 11.1% of the mantle-hull. It is made of mostly basaltic magmas with measures of calcium, aluminum and garnet (an aluminum-bearing silicate mineral). The layer becomes thick when the garnet mineral cools however is light and light when subject to warm because of the low softening focuses. †¢ The external most layer, the outside, is arranged into two sections, the Oceanic hull and the mainland covering. The Oceanic covering is the littlest piece of Earth, just 0.099% of its mass and arriving at a little profundity of 0-6 miles (0-10 kilometers). In the very beginning, it was conceivable that this region didn't exist for through successive volcanic movement does just the outside layer structure. Proof of this is set apart by the maritime edge framework, which is a 25,000 mile (40,000-kilometer) cluster of numerous volcanoes which makes layer after layer of new hull at the pace of 17 km3 every year. The sea floor is shrouded in basalt beginning from volcanic action and truly, Iceland and Hawaii are two island frameworks that rose up out of the gathered basalt. †¢ Continental covering: The second littlest zone of the Earth is the Continental outside layer, making up just 0.374% of the Earth’s mass and expanding a short profundity of 0 †31 miles (0-50 kilometers). Taking a gander at the percent by creation, the mainland outside makes up just 0.554% of the mantle-hull mass. The layer is made principally out of crystalline rocks made of low-thickness light minerals overwhelmed for the most part by quartz (SiO2) and feldspars (metal-helpless silicates). This is the external piece of the Earth made basically out of crystalline rocks. The mainland outside and the maritime covering are additionally alluded to as the lithosphere due to the cool and rough conditions that exist in its

Civil Disobedience By Thoreau

Scholars, students of history, creators, and lawmakers have gone through hundreds of years considering the connection among residents and their administration. It is an inquiry that has the same number of contemplations as there are types of government and it is infrequently addressed sufficiently. A moderately present day scholar, creator Henry Thoreau, presented a thought of man as an individual, as opposed to a subject, by completely portraying the manner in which a resident should live a significant number of his works. He by implication supplements the contentions he presents in his article Civil Disobedience through an extensive determination of proverbs found in his different works. In articular, the expressions  «A straightforward and free psyche doesn't work at the offering of any princeâ » and  «To be alert is to be alive. I have never met a man who is very awakeâ » bolster huge numbers of the contentions in Civil Disobedience since they help to explain the intricate thoughts Thoreau presents. The expression  «A straightforward and free psyche doesn't drudge at the offering of any princeâ » respects the duties of a man to his own consciousnessit is an obligation that can not be renounced by any type of dictator. As opposed to indicating a sort of insurgency, this announcement simply portrays each keeps an eye on the job to performing equity in the entirety of his activities. This doesn't allude to any  «mans obligation to dedicate himself to the destruction of any, even the most gigantic wrong; he may in any case appropriately have different worries to connect with him; however it is his obligation, at any rate, to disavow it, and, in the event that he gives it no idea longer, not to give it for all intents and purposes his supportâ » (681). The term  «simpleâ » doesn't allude to an immature feeling of profound quality; it depicts a perspective in which the idea of equity is characterized to the point that logical inconsistencies can't exist. To drudge, as it is introduced in this citation, intends to forfeit beliefs for similarity or law. The main genuine force the State holds over any individual is the guarantee of animal power; it  «never deliberately goes up against a keeps an eye on sense, scholarly or moral, however just his body, his sensesâ » (687). Consequently, numerous demonstrations the State requires will be unjustthey can and will constrain a man to slave for a difficulty he doesn't put stock in. As Thoreau notes in Civil Disobedience,  «a astute man might be valuable as a manâ » (678). Basically, Thoreau accepts that a man who works at any decision organizations offering just in light of the fact that it offer him to do so forfeits his own offices as an individual. He at that point turns out to be just a man put  «on a level with wood and earth and stones Command[ing] no more regard than men of straw, or a piece of dirtâ » (678). Another citation that assists with elucidating Thoreaus Civil Disobedience is  «To be wakeful is to be alive. I have never yet met a man who was very alert. In this expression, Thoreau utilizes the term  «awakeâ » as a code word for being completely mindful of ones idea of right and completely in charge of ones good and physical presence. Justifiably, individuals who are reliably alert, in this feeling of the word, are elusive:  «There are ine hundred and ninety-nine supporters of ideals to one prudent manâ » (680). Likewise, the way that Thoreau has  «never met a man who was very awakeâ » suggests that completely cognizant people experience issues existing in present day society. Truth be told, Thoreau accepts that  «no man with a virtuoso for enactment has showed up in America. They are uncommon in the historical backdrop of the worldâ » (692). Maybe, by the word  «awake,â » and its condition with  «alive,â » Thoreau is likewise alluding to the capacity to satisfy his own strategic: came into this world, not essentially to make this a decent spot to live in, yet to live in it, be it acceptable or badâ » (683). Despite the fact that this idea is definitely not an especially one of a kind one, it is about difficult to satisfy completelybut to satisfy it mostly is futile. As a living being, one must  «cast your entire vote, not a segment of paper only, yet your entire influenceâ » (684). To genuinely be alive, one must be deliberately happy as time passes. Through his scrupulous help of each aspect of his way of thinking, Thoreau adequately demonstrates his announcements with respect to citizenship and government. He stays predictable to almost every thought he presents and consequently encompasses them with a reality that can't be disregarded.

Crystal Paper Snowflake Ornaments

Precious stone Paper Snowflake Ornaments Make your own precious stone snowflake trimmings by taking shape borax onto custom made paper snowflakes. These shimmering snowflakes can be made in any size to suit your enlivening needs. Materials for Crystal Snowflake Ornaments round paper espresso filtersboraxwaterscissorsfood shading (discretionary) Make Crystal Snowflake Ornaments Cut a paper snowflake (or another shape) from the espresso filter.Prepare gem arrangement by blending borax into bubbling water until no more will break down. Youll realize the arrangement is prepared if borax powder begins to amass on the base of your container.Add a drop of food shading, on the off chance that you need hued snowflake ornaments.Place the paper snowflake onto a plate or saucer. Pour the precious stone arrangement over the snowflake, ensuring it is totally covered.Allow gems to develop on the snowflake until you are happy with their size. Little precious stones take about an hour to frame. You can permit the precious stones to become for the time being in the event that you need bigger crystals.Pour off the gem arrangement and cautiously oust the gem snowflake from the plate. This is best finished with a fingernail or margarine blade. You can evacuate any precious stones that are stuck in the openings of the snowflake. Permit the precious stone snowflake to completely dry before expelling it and hanging it. Different Types of Crystal Snowflakes On the off chance that you dont have borax, you can in any case do the task. You can substitute different salts, for example, table salt, ocean salt, or Epsom salts. Essentially mix the salt into the high temp water until no more will break up. Another choice is to utilize sugar. Sugar precious stones work a similar way, however you dont need particularly water to break up a great deal of sugar. Start with a modest quantity of bubbling water (maybe a half cup) and mix in sugar until it quits dissolving. Another alternative is to bubble water on an oven and include sugar. Let the sugar water cool a piece and pour it over a paper snowflake. Sugar arrangement gets thick as it cools, so its best to utilize it while its despite everything warm.

6. “It Is More Important to Discover New Ways of Thinking Essay

Growing better approaches for contemplating what we definitely know is significant as it causes us to build up a superior comprehension of that which we definitely know so somewhat the above proclamation is valid. Anyway it is as critical to find new information or realities. Indeed these two ideas go connected at the hip; it is a direct result of certain revelations that we knew when they initially became visible that we have something we call existing information to consider and some of the time it is through attempting to grow better approaches for contemplating a specific issue without an answer that we at long last conclude it is ideal to locate another clarification or idea of taking a gander at it. An understudy who goes from lower to higher school both learns new and propelled perspectives about the data they have accumulated in past grades just as some new information they have never gone over which further anxieties that the two ideas are significant. We can't pick up everything simultaneously nor would we be able to know all sbout those things we know, which is the reason both creating what we definitely know and leaarning some new things are similarly significant. Sometimes one may find that examining and pondering what we definitely know yet in another more clear manner can assist us with arriving at a resolution while on the off chance that we had decided to find new realities about it rather, our frame of reference of disarray would have been expanded and we wind up with one more puzzle to explain. A genuine case of a case like this is passing. Except if somebody kicks the bucket and returns and lets us know precisely what occurs after death, nobody can ever truly comprehend what occurs. Any data we as a whole have of eternal life depends on presumptions that is if there is even post-existence. Finding new realities about the supposed eternal life isn’t yet going to create much more turmoil, so truly in my view I would state it is somewhat best that one adheres to the information and accept they have over this issue, and on the off chance that anything, find better approaches for pondering as opposed to making one more befuddling wonders dependent on suppositions. Yet, such fields as Science persuade steady revelation of new information since this is one subject matter where misrepresentation is the main strategy used to demonstrate the speculations since we can't check, as such demonstrate a Scientific hypothesis to be valid in any capacity however we can pfove it fo not be right. For this situation it is clear then that in Science it is progressively essential to find new realities or information than to consider what we as of now have as we need new revelations to misrepresent old speculations. Anyway now and again it might be considering every option and profound into a logical hypothesis that makes one consider issue to be it thus make new revelations in which case both considering something in another way and making new disclosures would have been similarly significant. We can for example investigate the well known case of the distortion of Newton’s hypothesis of attractive energy by Einstein’s hypothesis of relativity. Einstein like every other Scientist of that time saw nothing amiss with Newton’s model until an emergency came when Newton’s hypothesis of gravity neglected to represent the conduct of light. Clearly this must be an aftereffect of researchers considering better approaches for applying Newton’s model. Nobody expected the negative result they came out with yet it was negative and the Scientists were confronted with a situation they needed to understand. That it is when Einstein created his hypothesis of relativity, a totally different hypothesis, which could work in any event, for those revelations that Newton’s model neglected to. Regardless, the fact of the matter is to show that finding better approaches to consider something can really prompt the disclosure of new data which thus gives us something new to consider and in new manners on the off chance that we please. Living just by creating things we definitely know would deny ourselves off so much information. Had the individuals who lived before our age chose they needed to live just on what they knew, there would be so much we don't have the foggiest idea. Ages like that of Newton or Einstein, ages like that of Priestley or Lavoisier who made revelations about oxygen and those of individuals who took in the expression of God and passed it on from age to age till the book of scriptures was composed we would not have the information we have today. What's more, the information doesn't end there and like the changes in outlook propose, there will consistently be new data, new hypotheses and better approaches for intuition as the world rotates that will abrogate the present speculations yet should we choose to live just by the information that as of now exists, we may find that we are making explores different avenues regarding 90% mistakes constantly.

Operations Management in Hawkesbury Cabinets

Question: Examine about the Operations Management in Hawkesbury Cabinets. Answer: Presentation: Activity the board is especially vital for building up a specialized comprehension of tasks of any venture (Battistoni, et al., 2013). The creation framework joins assets which stream in a characterized framework and change them in a controlled way to contribute an incentive according to the arrangements set by the executives. The creation framework utilizes sources of info, for example, men, machines, materials, capital, and data and transforms them into yields as items and services(Malhotra, et al., 2014). This article will talk about the present creation frameworks and procedure utilized by Hawkesbury Cabinets. Likewise, the impacts of the developers kitchen on the tasks of Hawkesbury Cabinet will be investigated. The exposition will likewise distinguish the impact of the transition to creating developers kitchen will have on the budgetary structure of the company.The article will likewise investigate the creation arrangement of Hawkeshbury which is going smooth yet expanding cost damaging the net revenue. Because of absence of appropriate stock framework, stock is accumulated in the distribution center so the organization needs to introduce a decent stock framework. The Current Production Systems and Processes Used by Hawkesbury Hawkesbury Cabinets runs a solitary assembling office in Mulgrave, where both norm and custom kitchen cupboards are fabricated (Vickery, et al., 2015). Great universally useful machines are utilized for bureau making hardware to offer the necessary adaptability for creating an enormous assortment of hand crafted cupboards. Hawkesbury Cabinets fabricate congregations or discrete parts in a persistent procedure and along these lines utilizes large scale manufacturing framework (Hitt, et al., 2016). As the organization requires the huge volume of creation so large scale manufacturing framework is supported for the organization. Different sorts of gear are gathered in the format of the factory(Atasu Subramanian, 2012). Saws and cutting tables are set in one area while switches and shapers are set in another segment. A few gathering regions are found deliberately in the whole production line. Painting and completing are done in an ecologically controlled area (Hitt, et al., 2016). The nat ure of completed items is kept up in high regard and exhibits the nature of materials utilized and the craftsmanship of the every cabinetmaker. The creation procedure guarantees the shorter time of the pattern of creation. Hawkesbury bureau utilizes large scale manufacturing framework to ease creation arranging and control process (Battistoni, et al., 2013). The creation framework utilized in the organization requires less talented administrators and low procedure stock subsequently fabricating cost per unit is lesser. The Effect of the New Builders Kitchen Line on Hawkesbury Cabinets Operations With the presentation of manufacturers' line of kitchen, work is done in normal planning. In any case, custom kitchens were offered need to manufacturers' line of the kitchen as they represented higher overall revenues and deal (Adams, et al., 2016). As the creation is done on ordinary planning, the booked heaps of standard bureau segments are lying around the plant in a few phases of consummation (Frow, et al., 2015). Because of the enormous volume of work in process, the industrial facility has transformed up into clogged not at all like open assembling space of customs kitchens. The development of the organization is seeing a positive line with manufacturers' line of the kitchen (Vickery, et al., 2015). The expanded volume of creation leads bigger deals in custom kitchen portion while developers line is additionally developing quickly. The organization is working single assembling framework. With the enormous volume of creation because of manufacturers kitchen, the organization has done significant changes in line format and item plan (Malhotra, et al., 2014). Creation offices have been improved to oblige more contributions for preparing. Work during the time spent the organization has expanded in complex and activity has gotten delayed because of high process duration. The Effect the Move to Producing Builders Kitchens Might have on the Companys Financial Structure The creation of manufacturer's kitchen has improved the creation procedure with the large scale manufacturing framework. High speculations were done underway offices. The danger of the breakdown of one of the apparatus expanded and as it might stop the whole creation line (Crowley-Henry, et al., 2016). Programmed material taking care of and superbly adjusted creation line required the organization to keep the framework update. The work in progress of the organization has expanded and the net revenue isn't true to form. The cost engaged with creating manufacturers' line of the kitchen is expanding (Frow, et al., 2015). Increasingly more measure of work-in-capital is lying in crude material stock, work in process and completed merchandise. According to Mohar, et al., the high volume of creation has likewise expanded lead times for both custom and standard manufacturers line orders. Accordingly, guaranteed conveyance time is increasing(Mohar, et al., 2016). The organization can set up a stock administration framework with the goal that season of keeping the stock and amount of stock can be overseen. The organization can utilize ABC stock, where stock of need things are kept in huge amount and low need items are kept in an unexpected way. The current activity arrangement of the organization is taking assembling ability as far as possible, and the current design isn't leaving any space for development of the business (Crowley-Henry, et al., 2016). The present activity of the organization is hugy affecting the money related structure. Resources are expanding with the ascent in work-in-capital. High lead time for creation and resulting late conveyance is expanded indebted person turnover proportion (Adams, et al., 2016). Working proportion is expanding with high working costs which are not good for the organization. The high working proportion will prompt less gainfulness proportion and long haul benefit of the company(Vickery, et al., 2015). The monetary structure how much value and obligation the organization needs to back its tasks. The presentation of developers' line of the kitchen has expanded the obligation of the organization as increasingly more cash required to support the tasks (Frow, et al., 2015). High oblig ation isn't suggested for any organization as it will lose the enthusiasm of financial specialists in the organization. As large organizations attempt to keep up their obligation proportion in such a way, that obligation stays twofold of value. Concurring toAtasu Subramanian, the high obligation proportion is terrible for money related structure of the organization as it mirrors that organization has less assets to pay to fund its activities and when the benefits are less the fixed premium are difficult to pay(Atasu Subramanian, 2012). End The paper portrays the creation frameworks of Hawkesbury Cabinets. The organization has begun structuring and assembling of custom kitchen cupboards. With the development sought after for items and the organization has begun standard manufacturers' line of the kitchen. The organization is fabricating a constrained scope of kitchen cupboards in little groups. Clump size of the organization additionally expanded from the single kitchen up to five kitchens of same details. Under a solitary assembling framework, the organization is fabricating both custom and standard manufacturers' kitchen. The organization is booking the creation to adapt to higher deals of developers' line of kitchens. Planning loads of standard cupboards are devouring space in different segments of the plant. To oblige the heaped stock, more stockrooms were leased and expanding the operational expense of the organization. The expense of creation of the organization has expanded. Despite the fact that the organization is becoming yet benefit is not exactly the desires. References Adams, R. J., Smart, P. Episode, A. S., 2016. Shades of Gray: Guidelines for Working with the Gray Literature in Systematic Reviews for Management and Organizational Studies. Global Journal of Management Reviews, 45(6), pp. 52-63. Atasu, A. Subramanian, R., 2012. Expanded Producer Responsibility for E-Waste: Individual or Collective Producer Responsibility?. Diary of Production and Operations Management, 21(6), p. 10421059. Battistoni, E., Bonacelli, A., Colladon, A. F. Schiraldi, M. M., 2013. An Analysis of the Effect of Operations Management Practices on Performance. Universal Journal of Engineering Business Management, 5(44), pp. 1-11. Crowley-Henry, M., O' Connor, E. Ariss, A. A., 2016. Depiction of Skilled Migrants' Careers in Business and Management Studies: A Review of the Literature and Future Research Agenda. European Management Review, 24(6), pp. 452-463. Frow, P., Nenonen, S., Payne, A. Storbacka, K., 2015. Overseeing Co-creation Design: A Strategic Approach to Innovation. English Journal of Management, 26(3), pp. 463-483. Hitt, M. A., Carnes, C. M. Xu, K., 2016. A present perspective on asset based hypothesis in tasks the board: A reaction to Bromiley and Rau. Diary of Operations Management, 41(16), pp. 107-109. Malhotra, M., Singhal, C., Shang, G. Ployhart, R. E., 2014. A basic assessment of elective techniques and standards for directing intervention investigation in activities the executives inquire about. Diary of Operations Management,, 32(4), pp. 127-137. Mohar, A. H. An., Abdullah, F. Ho, V. B., 2016. Advancement and Validations of a Holistic Service Operations Management Instrument. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 224(15), pp. 429-436. Vickery, S. K., Koufteros, X., Drge, C. Calantone, R., 2015. Item Modularity, Process Modularity, and New Product Introduction Performance: Does Complexity Matter?. Diary of Production and Operations Management, 25(4), pp. 751-770.

Generic Drug Safety and Cost

Generic Drug Safety and Cost Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Print Generic Drug Safety and Cost By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Updated on February 09, 2018 kali9/Getty Images More in Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Symptoms Diagnosis In the United States, brand name medications are developed under patent protection. A drug company may spend yearsâ€"decades, evenâ€"researching and testing before bringing a new drug to market. Leaving controversies over brand-name drugs high costs aside, a manufacturers initial price for a new medication includes all the development costs it incurred for the drug. Patents on brand name drugs generally last 10 to 20 years.?? As the expiration date of the patent approaches, any drug manufacturer (including the one that produced the brand-name version) may apply for permission to produce a generic version of the medication. Companies making generic versions of medications do not have to: Do the research that was needed to create the drug in the first place;Put the drug through clinical trials; orSet up marketing campaigns for the generic drug. Eliminating these three factors from the cost of manufacturing the generic drug means that a generic can be sold at a far lower price than the brand-name version. Requirements for Generics According to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), To gain FDA approval, a generic drug must: contain the same active ingredients as the innovator drug (inactive ingredients may vary)be identical in strength, dosage form, and route of administrationhave the same use indicationsbe bioequivalentmeet the same batch requirements for identity, strength, purity, and qualitybe manufactured under the same strict standards of FDAs good manufacturing practice regulations required for innovator products For a drug to be bioequivalent to its brand name counterpart, it must deliver the same amount of the active ingredient(s) in the same amount of time as the original. This does not mean that all characteristics of a generic medication are the same as the original brand name drug. A generic must not look like the original due to trademark protection. Also, inactive ingredients, flavors, fillers, and dyes may be different from the brand name medication. Problems With Generic Drugs Most of the time generic drugs are just as safe and effective as their brand-name counterparts, but problems can arise. The most common reason for difficulties with generic drugs is that the inactive ingredients or excipients are different. Epilepsy Newfoundland and Labrador, an information and advocacy organization, notes: The active ingredient that helps control your seizures is the same in both brand and generic names but the substances that are used as fillers, dyes, or binders, sometimes differ. This can occasionally make a difference in how quickly they are absorbed from your stomach or processed by your body. This may affect how much medicine you need. Some people are allergic to some excipients. In addition, a persons body may have become accustomed to the entire mix of active and inactive ingredients in one manufacturers drug, and changing the mixture evenâ€"if there is no allergy to a new ingredientâ€"may cause a change in response to the medication. Examples of problems with generics: Kimberlys pharmacy changed from one generic manufacturer to another for one of her medications. For two weeks she experienced painful gas and diarrhea while her body adjusted to the new generic.Marcias pharmacy changed her prescription from Prozac to a generic version, fluoxetine. She broke out in a rashâ€"apparently an allergic reaction to one of the excipients in the generic. Precautions You should not assume that you will have a problem when changing from brand name to generic or from one generic version of a drug to another. However, there are several steps you can take to minimize the risk of problems with generic medications, including noting the manufacturer on a list of your medication and checking the list each time you get a refill to see if the manufacturer has changed.

What Is Meditation - Free Essay Example

What Is Meditation? For our purposes, lets define meditation as being attentive to the fluctuations of your mind. Most of the time, we completely identify with our own thoughts, meaning there is no separation between the thoughts and the thinker. Meditation begins to break down this relationship. There are many different schools of meditation, each with its own methodology. The technique of observing your breath described below is based on a Buddhist tradition. 1. Designate a time Many people like to meditate first thing in the morning, but if some other time of day is better for you, go with that. Just make sure you pick a time when you can consistently devote yourself to this practice. It doesnt have to be lengthy. Ten or fifteen minutes is a good place to start. If you have a regular yoga routine at home, you can do your meditation at the end. 2. Create the space In addition to choosing a time, you also need to find a place for your practice. It doesnt have to be big or have any kind of special decor, but it should be away from household distractions. A corner of your bedroom or living room is perfect. Youll also need a timer that will sound at the end of your meditation session so that youre not constantly checking the clock to see how much time is left. Silence your phone so that youre not tempted to break off your meditation if it rings. 3. Warming Up You may want to do a little warm-up yoga sequence before sitting, especially if you are going to meditate first thing in the morning. If you find you dont need to warm up, thats fine too. 4. How to sit If you can sit on the floor, have blankets or a cushion to sit on. Meditation cushions called zafus are nice, but definitely not necessary. Try a cross-legged position like sukasana. Most people can not sit for long periods in lotus position and can even injure themselves trying, so avoid that for now. If cross-legged isnt comfortable, try virasana with a block under your seat. It is often an easier position for your back. If you cant sit on the floor, thats fine too. Find a chair where you can sit up straight with both your feet resting flat on the floor. 5. Hand positions Yo may have seen pictures of people meditating with their hands in various positions called mudras. You can try any position you have seen, but you can also just place your hands in your lap. Another option is to place the hands on your knees with the palms up or down. Find a position that is comfortable for you. 6. What to do Assume your seat and close your eyes. Begin to observe your breath without changing it. There is a tendency to want to deepen your breathing as soon as you notice it. Resist this urge. Focus all your attention on your inhales and exhales, maybe zeroing in on the sensation of air moving in and out of your nostrils. You can count the breaths if that helps you stay focused on them. When your mind starts to wander, as it inevitably will, notice your thoughts and then release them. You can even picture them floating away before returning your attention to your breathing. 7. How Long When you first start, set your timer for five minutes. If its hard for you to stay attentive to the breath for that length of time, work on that before increasing the duration. When you are ready, begin to add one minute to your sitting time. Slowly work up to ten and then twenty minutes. 8. How to finish When your timer sounds, open your eyes. Take just a few moments to notice how you feel after your practice. If you are stiff after sitting, slowly move to your hands and knees. A little stretch (a downward-facing dog, for instance) can help you loosen up. I hope this guide has helped with your meditation. Namaste.