A Short Paper on Interpersonal Communication

To date, many communication scholars investigate the concept of communication from the standpoint of the traditions that have considered context as the fundamental component for the most favorable understanding of meaning in any communicative behavior (Romero-Trillo Maguire, 2011). The present paper illuminates contexts that give any instance of communication its meaning.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A Short Paper on Interpersonal Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The term ‘context’ has been defined by Bosco et al (2004) as â€Å"†¦a series of factors that contribute to reconstructing the meaning intended by a speaker in a communicative exchange† (p. 467). A thread of extant literature (e.g., Berger 2005; Hargie, 2010 ) demonstrates that the core of any communicative behavior is shared meanings between people as we don’t merely exchange words when we communicate; r ather, we always endeavor to comprehend what each other’s words and behaviors stand for , represent, or imply. Following this description, Bosco et al (2004) argue that known contextual factors come into play to assist individuals in a communicative exchange to reconstruct meaning. The first contextual factor that will be discussed is pattern. Available literature demonstrates that for people to be able to share meaning in any communicative exchange, their communication must reveal a pattern that is grounded on elements that are recognizable, repetitive and repeatable (Romero-Trillo Maguire, 2011). The patterns of communicative exchange that people are used to, and that they share with others in their social interactions, facilitate them to behave in new but related ways, and to comprehensively understand new forms of behavior (Leeds-Hurwitz, 1989). A patterned behavior such as a communicative instance, according to this particular author, implies that it is not only guided by rules and principles, but is predictable, observable, and analyzable. In an expressive act â€Å"do you like wine?’ posed by one woman to her boyfriend, for example, the boyfriend may be guided by the contextual factor of pattern to respond differentially depending on how he understands his girlfriend’s communicative intention. If the couple has been engaging in drinking, the boyfriend may respond â€Å"Yes, please†.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, if the couple has just met, the boyfriend may respond ‘I have a tumbler of wine with every meal’. This example serves to demonstrate how communication is behavior with a pattern as it shows the ordered forms of responses that can be given by the boyfriend depending on the shared meaning of the communicative exchange. The second contextual factor is organization, which denotes that there e xist standardized and known ways of doing things that people engaged in interpersonal communication must follow every time they wish to communicate if they expect to realize the meaning of their communication (Berger, 2005). Organization, according to Hargie (2010), brings order into the communication process, thus is instrumental in ensuring agents in a communicative instance benefit from the internalization of meaning. A simple example is that it would be practically impossible for a native Chinese with no formal training in English to communicate with an Englishman with no formal training in the Chinese language. This example demonstrates that the Englishman and the Chinese must follow standardized and known ways (train in each other’s language) if they wish to communicate. The third contextual factor deals with rules. It is clear that every instance of communication is guided by rules, although people learn to interact with others communicatively without necessarily being able to state the rules or principles that guide their interaction (Romero-Trillo Maguire, 2011). This implies that the rules and principles that guide our communication with others operate below our level of consciousness as they are not always subject to conscious intent (Leeds-Hurwitz, 1989). This particular author introduces the concept of practical consciousness, which implies the knowledge of how individuals communicate with others appropriately using the rules that they know but which they are not supposed to verbalize in the practical sense. Leeds-Hurwitz (1989) also introduces the concept of tacit knowledge to demonstrate how a lot of our knowledge of communicative interaction is 1) unspoken during the communication process, 2) hidden from the communicators’ awareness, and 3) kept in the background as people interact and communicate.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A Short Paper on Interpersonal Communication specifically for you fo r only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In my interactions with friends (see appendix for transcript), I overheard one ardent football fan telling her male friend that the ‘Pensioners’ would win the match by three goals. The male colleague refuted this claim and said the ‘Citizens’ would win the match by a two-goal margin. Although we shared the same table, I could not participate in the discussion since all I knew was that the match involved ‘Chelsea’ and ‘Manchester City’ football clubs. However, the two ardent football fans were able to communicate and identify meaning as they shared some rules which guided their communication but they were not under any obligation to express these rules; that is, give them direct discursive expression (Leeds-Hurwitz, 1989). The last contextual factor relates to the observable nature of communicative interaction, which holds that individuals can learn to observe social action – d eliberately and closely – with the view to describe the underlying patterns (Leeds-Hurwitz, 1989). To a large extent, this factor relates to the non-communication cues formed by people when they are engaged in communication. Indeed, extant literature demonstrates that behavior can be observed as it naturally occurs in the everyday world and in real-life situations (Romero-Trillo Maguire, 2011). When patronizing a bar, for example, a person can observe the non-verbal cues of most women patrons to describe underlying patterns of behavior even without necessarily communicating with the subjects. Some movements and body positions, sustained eye contact, sexy facial expression and telling body language, for instance, are enough observational characteristics to communicate to a male patron that he might be dealing with a sex worker. References Berger, C.R. (2005). Interpersonal communication: Theoretical perspectives, future prospects. Journal of Communication, 55(5), 415-447. Bos co, F.M., Bucciarelli, M., Bara, B.G. (2004). The fundamental context categories in understanding communicative intention. Journal of Pragmatics, 36(3), 467-488.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hargie, O. (2010). Skilled interpersonal communication: Research, theory and practice. Oxford: Taylor Francis. Leeds-Hurwitz, W. (1989). Communication in everyday life: A social interpretation. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation. Romero-Trillo, J., Maguire, L. (2011). Adaptive context: The fourth element of meaning. International Review of Pragmatics, 3(2), 228-241. This essay on A Short Paper on Interpersonal Communication was written and submitted by user Estrella B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Write Outstanding College Level Book Reports

How to Write Outstanding College Level Book Reports Theres nothing quite like enjoying a really solid piece of literature. Hours can pass while youre diving into a new world that the author has created. Your enjoyment of your novel may dissipate slightly when you are trying to figure out how to write a college level book report about it- but it doesnt have to be that way. Analyzing (and maybe even critiquing) novels is a useful skill that will help you both in and outside of the classroom. In this post we will outline the best strategies of painlessly writing a book report. Its important to note that there is no one generic book report assignment. This isnt necessarily a step-by-step guide, but it can help get you started thinking about the specific requirements that your instructor has for you.Know the assignmentWhen you start out your book report assignment, its important that you know exactly what your instructor is requiring. Does your instructor want you to explore the books theme and write a five-paragraph essay on it, or are yo u supposed to be writing an essay about a particular character? Read through the assignment sheet very carefully and make sure that you understand all of the instructions. If you have questions or are uncertain about something, be sure to ask your instructor.Actually read the bookEven though it may be tempting to take a shortcut and watch a movie adaptation of your book or even to read the Sparknotes, definitely resist that urge. Not only will your report be more thorough if you read the book the whole way through, but reading and understanding themes and outlining a novel plot is an invaluable experience. Youll be able to understand books on a completely new and more appreciative level. When you are reading the novel for your book report, write down page numbers or passages that pertain to the assignment or that you think might be interesting to mention.Try to really sink into what the author is trying to say by asking yourself the following questions:What is the main theme of the book? The theme is the meaning or the entire reason behind writing the book. An author doesnt typically write just to write something down. What motivated them to pen this novel?What is happening to the characters? Typically novels are told from the perspective (either in the first or third person) of the main character, though some novels have multiple perspectives. Is this character a good character or are they flawed? What kinds of obstacles is the character going through? What did they learn during the course of the story?What is the plot of the book? There are several different kinds of plots, and its helpful to know what kind your chosen novel has in order to help you analyze it better. Some stories are quests: that is, the main character is on a journey to accomplish a goal (think Lord of the Rings). Some stories are overcoming obstacles- whether thats internal or external. What kind of plot does your novel have and why do you think the author chose that particular type?Write a good introductionAfter youve read your book thoroughly and youve thought about the characters, themes, plot, and some good quotes, youll be ready to start writing the book report. Like any other paper, a good book report needs an explanatory introduction that is easy to understand. When writing the introduction, be sure to include the title of the work, the author, and a sentence or two on what you will be overviewing in the report. Even though it may not be required to have a thesis statement in your book report, writing one in your paper might keep it more focused and help you narrow down what you will be writing in the body paragraphs.For example, if we were writing an introduction about a book report over Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird, we might write something like this:In Harper Lees iconic coming of age novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, Lee confronts the audience with the idea that systemic racism was rampant in the U.S. court system in the early 20th century in the South. She illustrates this idea with the unfair trial of convicted rapist Tom Robinson, whose lawyer Atticus Finch handily proves is innocent, yet is still sentenced with a crime he did not commit. Through the eyes of the young main character, Scout Finch, the audience is able to learn about these injustices with the innocent eyes of a child.As you can see, we mentioned the name of the book, the author, and we also outlined what we would be discussing throughout the body paragraphs in the book report. Not only will this let the reader know what this report is about, but itll also help you stay organized when you are writing the paper. Note that nowhere in this paragraph does it say that we really liked the book. Whether or not we liked the book is irrelevant in the report. What the book report is trying to do is to objectively understand a books relevance and importance wit themes, characters, motifs, etc. (Though of course its perfectly okay and encouraged to like the book that you are r eviewing.)Implement the ideas in the body paragraphsThe meat of your book report will be in the body paragraphs. These paragraphs will expand on the ideas that you brought up in your introduction paragraph and allow you to introduce the novel in depth to your reader.SummaryThough no two book report assignments are the same, its likely that your instructor is going to want to see some summarization in your book report. Your summary of the novel shouldnt be too lengthy (this is a report after all, so its typically quite short). If your instructor has assigned a five-page book report, dont summarize the book in four and a half pages. As a general rule, commit about 1/3 of the paper to a summary just so you can make sure the reader understands your analysis of it without having read it.AnalysisOnce you are done writing the summary of the novel, then you can get into your actual analysis of it. You may remember that we brought up systemic racism in the U.S. court system in the South in o ur essay on To Kill a Mockingbird. In our summary, we would then explore those ideas that we brought forth to the reader. How does Lee illustrate this idea throughout the novel? A good way to show how the author is making this point is through direct quotations from the book that you believe are a good showcase.In your analysis, you should also be discussing theme (or what was the authors purpose behind writing this book) and character. No two analyses are the same, which is what makes book reports and literary criticism so interesting. Everyone will read the novel through their own personal lenses and experiences and come up with a completely different interpretation of what the author intended for us to come away with.Again, its crucial to keep looking at your instructions for your book report so that you know exactly what you need to be discussing. Even if you write a brilliant report over the theme of systemic racism in the court system in To Kill a Mockingbird, it wont do you a ny good when you were actually supposed to write about the relationship between Scout and Atticus Finch and why it mattered. Paying attention to instructions is one of the biggest keys to success in writing a book report.ConclusionAs with all other conclusions, focus on wrapping things up neatly. Though you may be tempted to just say in the conclusion that you either loved or hated the book, this doesnt make for a very interesting paragraph. When you are writing your conclusion on your book report, think about why this novel matters. If you didnt like it, think about why you didnt like it. Think about how well the author gets his or her point across. Should this book be read widely to gain a critical understanding of a subject? Why or why not? Would you recommend this book to others? The genre of book reports generally seeks out the opinion of the writer, so make sure that you let your voice be heard.RevisingLike any other paper that you write, its crucial to go back through and rev ise if you are turning in the final copy. Its extremely rare that youll write something that doesnt have any mistakes or reworking to do. Once you have written the first draft, take a short break to get your eyes off the paper for just a bit. Come back to the paper after the break with a set of fresh eyes and try to read through it for grammar and spelling mistakes (spell check doesnt get everything!) and then once again for content. Make sure that everything makes sense and is very explanatory. After all- you have to assume that your audience hasnt read your book yet so you want to make sure that you are explaining it well enough to someone who has never read a sentence of it and still be able to understand.If you are uncertain about sentences or even entire passages of your book report, ask a friend or your instructor to take a look at your work. Sometimes it helps to get an outside opinion since youve been closely working with the text.Book reports teach us more than just how to write a reportThough we do a lot of research and studying about subjects that may not be applicable after college, book reports may be one of the only exceptions to that. Novels, no matter how abstract the concept, teach us about human behavior and life through plots and characters. Understanding how to break down an authors intent on their stories will absolutely be relevant to your life. Having the curiosity and the skills to understand a novel with a more complex understanding will undoubtedly enrich your reading experience.Remember than an effective book report will have an introduction that mentions the book title, author, and include the points you will be making throughout the body paragraphs. Your body paragraphs will expand on those ideas that you brought up in the introduction, using quotes from the book, analysis, and summary to aide you.Finally, be sure that once the book report has been written that you are carefully looking at spelling, grammar, and the content of your paragraphs. Get a friend, your instructor, or even a professional editor to look at your book report to make sure you are on the right track.

Reynold Defense Firm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reynold Defense Firm - Essay Example Moreover, the communication strategy eliminates issues of delay and client dissatisfaction, which may have adverse impacts on the business activities of the firm. The media channels allow the firm to exploit an environmental advantage since our services don’t discriminate customers on grounds of financial strengths. The call services provide free consultation opportunities a move not experienced with most legal firms. In matters of dependability to offer legal assistance with no emphasis on financial gain, the firm is a winner. Their services get based on the founders numerous encounters with the legal system on issue majoring with DUI. The members of staff have developed efficient communication skills that allow for the delivering of quality responses customized so that it can suit the prevailing situation. Other than the online communication media, the firm has a newsletter that outlines some of the developing issues relating to the legal system. In these newsletters, the firm provides several remedies and measures that people should take when faced with a criminal or DUI charge. Individuals can also email the firm outlining their charges to receive free advice or seek representation in any region in Oregon. All media channels adopted ensure a successful dialog between the clients and a legal representative from the

Critical analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical analysis - Essay Example This crisis will peak around 2050. paragraph 2. The purpose of this article was to inform and influence. The information was given by statistics and facts. However, the statistics were projected. The problem with projected facts is the unknown. A nuclear war might occur next year and everyone could die. The article wanted to influence the reader with colorful wording and examples. The statistics were current about today’s older and younger populations. Thus the article is informational and influential. paragraph 3. The attitude or emotion type of this writer was concerned. This article would fit in the Economist.com (where it came from), a prolife leaflet, or even a book on why the world needs to have more children. It was factual, but emotional as well. It gave the feeling that the older generation is a burden. In essence, the older generation is a problem that needs to be solved. The danger is when the younger generation solves that problem, when they grow old their younger generation will solve the problem. paragraph 4. This article uses statistics to prove their points, but also uses opinions as well. For example, this article thinks in the future fewer workers will mean more job openings. The economy will falter due to fewer workers. That is an opinion. With the advancements in technology, fewer workers might be needed. The total affects of the ageing generation on political, social, and economical areas are speculation and opinion, since the author cannot predict the future accurately. The evidence this article uses is statistics on older generations. Birth rates in different countries, developing and richer ones, were given. Life span data was given. Opinions about this data were given. The conclusion was the abundant ageing population was going to burden the younger generations. The full affect will be felt in 2050. This as mentioned before is opinion due to the unreliability of

The History Of Listeria Biology Essay

The History Of Listeria Biology Essay Salmonellosis, Shigellosis, Yersinosis and many other infectious diseases were named after the one who discovered them unlike Listeriosis. Once the causative agent was discovered by Murray, Webb and Swann, generic names such as bacterium monocytogenes was used and finally Listeria (Pirie) to honor Dr. Lister, the discoverer of antisepsis. Hence, in the past the disease was known as Listeriosis until, Listeria came into the general usage. Listeria was first known to be the causative agent of epidemic and sporadic cases in 50 species of animals, now the disease has been appearing on an increasing rate in the population of mankind. In 1926, Murray, Webb identified Listeria Monocytogenes and the bacterium was named by Swann. The bacterium was then renamed by Pirie in 1927 and was given its current name, Listeria Monocytogenes. In 1891, doctors in France and Germany discovered a gram positive bacterium in samples of tissues of patients who suffered and died from a disease similar to Listeriosis. In 1929, Nyfeldt described the first confirmed report of Listeriosis in humans caused by Listeria Monocytogenes. Listeria was first known to be the cause of epidemic and sporadic cases in 50 species of animals. Characterization of Listeria Monocytogenes. Listeria Monocytogenes is a small highly motile gram positive rod. It is a non spore-forming cocco-bacillus, facultative anaerobe which is catalase positive. These ubiquitous saprophytes are widespread in nature that is they can be found in soil and water. Vegetables can get contaminated if the soil, manure or the water used is contaminated. The bacterium can also be carried away by both wild and domestic animals that may apparently appear healthy. The bacterium is an opportunistic pathogen. It is capable of surviving and multiplying outside animal hosts and in quite simple nutrient medium. (Chapman and Hall, 1996.). It grows under refrigeration conditions from 1 °C up to 44 °C. However, its growth rate decreases below 1C and it is easily destroyed by heat. Normally pasteurization and cooking kill Listeria, but in certain ready-to-eat food, it can be found. This is due to contamination which occurs prior to packaging. Serology: Listeria Monocytogenes can be further characterized based on the presence of specific heat stable somatic (0) and heat-labile flagella (H) antigens. Based on the O and H antigens, strains of Listeria Monocytogenes, isolated from pathological sources are subdivided into serotypes: 1/2a,1/2 b, 1/2c, 3a,3b,3c,4a,4ab,4b,4c,4d,4e,4f,5 and 6. Serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b and 4b are responsible for greater than 95% of all human infections (Frances Pouch Downee, Keith Ito, 2001). Factors affecting growth and survival of Listeria Monocytogenes. Listeria Monocytogenes is a psychotropic bacterium that is it has the ability to resist the cold temperature of refrigeration. However, Listeria Monocytogenes is also thermo tolerant when subjected to temperatures above the optimum. The broad pH range for growth for Listeria Monocytogenes allows it to survive. pH 7.0 7.5 is the optimum pH for the growth of Listeria Monocytogenes (Dean, 1990). The bacteria can resist a high concentration of salt that is an environment with a low water potential. It has been shown that the organism can tolerate environments of 25.6 % Nacl for at least 132 days at 22 °C and 5 days at 37 °C (Adams; 2001; Lovette, 1989). Moreover the presence of other microorganisms in the same medium (on the same contaminated food) can cause a decrease in the population of Listeria Monoctyogenes. Listeriosis: Also known as the Circling Disease or Silage sickness, Listeriosis is a sporadic bacterial infection caused by Listeria Monocytogenes. It is a worldwide disease and a serious food borne disease for humans. The term Listeriosis encompasses a wide variety of disease symptoms that are similar on animals and humans. Persons of advanced age, pregnant women, new born and adults with infected immune systems are normally prone to attract this disease. A normal person without those criteria mentioned above can also be affected. He can be infected by consuming contaminated food. Babies may get infected at birth itself if their mother had consumed contaminated food during pregnancy. According to the world health organization (WHO), outbreaks of Listeriosis have been reported from many countries, including Australia, S Switzerland, France and the United states. Two recent outbreaks of Listeria Monocytogenes in France in 2000 and in the USA in 199 caused by contaminated pork tongue and hot dogs. CASES IN MAURITIUS MISSING!!!!!!!!!! Health risk of listeria: Hayes (1992) considered Listeria Monocytogenes as a low grade pathogen since there is no clinical manifestation in healthy individuals upon ingestion of low numbers of viable cells. According to the center for food security and public health 1-10 % of the population is thought to carry Listeria Monocytogenes asymptomatically in the intestines (May, 2005). Vomiting, Nausea, Cramps, Diarrhea, severe headache, constipation ad persistent fever are the symptoms that may occur suddenly. Meningitis encephalitis is the infection of the brain and its surrounding tissue. Septicemia is the poisoning of blood caused by listeria. The overall mortality rate in the group of susceptible people mention in sectionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Are 20 -30%. Listeria Monocytogenes can be identified in tissues using ELISA, PCR and other molecular techniques. It is treated with antibiotics depending on the form of the disease. Mode of invasion and spread of Listeria in host cells: Listeria Monocytogenes is acquires by ingestion. The bacterium must find and adhere to the intestinal mucosa or the intestinal crypt cells, which are the only undifferentiated mucosal cells. Once the bacterium is phagocytosed, it becomes enclosed in a phagolysosome, a sub cellular organelle. Normally the low pH and the contents of the phagosomes are toxic to microorganism, however, environment of low pH causes Listeria Monocytogenes to produce hemolysin, Listeriolysin O (LLO).LLO lyses the cell membrane of the phagolysosome and this causes release of the Listeria into the cytoplasm. According to F.S Southwick and D.L Purich all pathogenic strains of Listeria produce Listeriolysin-O which is important for their escape and pathogenesis. Once in the cytoplasm, the bacteria multiply and proliferate and the bacteria become surrounded by an electron-dense material. The bacteria are then known to be polarized at one end. The electron-dense material give the bacterium an elongated protrusions form and filopods which are in turns ingested by adjacent cells and the cycle begins anew. Spreading from cell to cell without directly being in contact with the extracellular environment is how Listeria Monocytogenes invade the cells of its hosts. Isolation of Listeria Monocytogenes: Since there has been increasing interest in the presence or absence of Listeria Monocytogenes in foods, as a result of some substantial outbreaks of food borne listeriosis in North America and Europe, there has been a vital need to develop methods to isolate it in various type of food. Several methods such as ELISA, PCR and genetic hybridization technologies (Entis and Lerner, 1991, RMR Labs, 2000, certification, Report, 2000; Klein and Juneja, 2001) have been developed. Department of agriculture (USDA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), are the two US agencies that made use of different protocol for analysis of Listeria Monocytogenes. The techniques for isolation of Listeria Monocytogenes involve two- stage enrichment, the pre-enrichment followed by enrichment and plating for isolation. The enrichment procedures helps to keep the level of contaminating microorganisms to a reasonable numbers and allow multiplication of Listeria Monocytogenes to levels that are enough for detection of the organism. Half Fraser Broth and the University of Vermont broth (UVM) are examples of broths for the pre-enrichment procedures. They allow revival of injured Listeria cells. The Fraser broth is used with a selective Fraser broth supplement in enriching for the enrichment steps after the pre-enrichment and for detecting Listeria. Both the Fraser and Half Fraser Broth contain sodium phosphate and potassium phosphate which are buffering agents. The presence of ferric ions acts as an indicator since the bacteria produces 6, 7- dihydroxycoumarin that reacts with the ferric ions thus resulting in the blackening of the medium. Lithium chloride, nalidixic acid and acriflavine give the broth a higher concentration of salt and inhibit growth of enterococci. However, it is only after 48 hours that there is blackening of the broth. For plating, PALCAM, Oxford and Modified Oxford (MOX) are used as selective agars for isolation of Listeria Monocytogenes. Lithium chloride, polymyxin B sulphate and acriflavine HCl, present in the PALCAM medium Base and ceftazidine found in the PALCAM supplement ensure the selectivity of the medium. These elements suppress other bacteria present in food except Listeria. For differentiation, the PALCAM medium provides esculin and mannitol. Hydrolysis of esculin by Listeria causes production of 6, 7, dihydroxycoumarin, which reacts with the ferric ions that are present in the PLACAM medium to form blacken halos. USDA method: The USDA method involve a two- stage enrichment procedure with a 24-48 hours primary enrichment with UVM medium followed by a second enrichment phase with Fraser broth. Black colonies on the MOX plates show the presence of Listeria Monocytogenes. FDA method: This method involves 48 hour enrichment at 30 °C in buffered Listeria Enrichment Broth (BLEB). Pre enrichment procedure is optional which is done 4 hours at 30 °C prior to the addition of the selective supplements. After 24 hours to 48 hours the culture is streaked onto Oxford, PALCAM, Lithium chloride-phenyl ethanol moxalactant (LPM). After 24-48 hours at 30 °C, black-halo colonies prove the presence of Listeria. ISO method: The ISO method and the USDA method are alike with only the difference of using Half Fraser Broth for enrichment in the ISO method. The enrichment is done using Fraser Broth. On PALCAM or Oxford agar, the Listeria colonies are gray green with the black halo and black respectively.

Ecology and Wildlife Risk Evaluation Analysis Essay

This analysis of case studies from Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the case study to predict the effects of pesticides on aquatic systems and the waterfowl that uses them. Comparing the two processes of these case studies, along with analysis of the assessments. Describing the case study on the effects of pesticides in aquatic ecosystem, the risk assessment correlated to observed field studies and evaluate the importance of this type of correlation in general for all risk assessment efforts. Breaking down the ecological and social values in the assessments. Try to establish a value for the components in each case and how the risk assessment was determined. The process of defining ecological value in Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) from section 19. 5 took an approach to take a structured process to break down the value of the different species that are located at LANL. This was done to ensure that all relevant valued resources was used to come up with the endpoints, and provide the proper documentation to form a structured that was based on the resources. This process known as the general assessment endpoints (GAE) helped eliminate data that was not needed and helped provide the means of having data that was needed to follow through with the assessment, along with the values for each potential ecosystem that is based on potential exposure to the environmental stressors. The comparison of the two assessments take a different approach as the endpoints are staggering in the LANL case as the amount of species possess many possibilities to establish the relevant value of the endpoints that are needed to complete the assessment. By utilizing just the values that the stakeholders suggested in case study Los Alamos National Laboratory, the assessors focused on the immediate values on certain species the all as a hole eliminated the possibility of the lesser values in the case study. The aquatic workgroups began their efforts by discussing the basic problem addressed in a pesticide risk assessment and then began defining the sources of uncertainty for assessing effects and exposure. This technique of probabilistic assessment has helped in the reanalysis of the case study of pesticides on aquatic systems. Allowing assessors to look closer at the issues at hand relating to the organisms. The case from chapter 22 is based on a case study on how pesticides affect the impact on ecology. This assessment took a term of probabilistic assessment, and broke down the probability of evaluating the potential of direct effects on the duck population. The time frame that the pesticides are used to reduce grasshopper population is around the same time that the ducks are breeding, rear young and lay eggs. This is the concern for the use of pesticides in these pothole regions across America and Canada. This case study provides a reanalysis of the wildlife in the pothole regions. The use of probabilistic methods is entered into the process to characterize variability’s and the uncertainties of the effects on aquatic macro invertebrates from the pesticides that are released to control agricultural pest control. The assessment shows in the data that the results of the analysis are a way to relate the uncertainties of mortality in the ecosystem. Along with the damage that is done with the food source for the ducks. The pesticides case study applied a different risk assessment framework and hypothesizes to improve the final analysis process to cover all the grounds and bring attention the uncertainties of the damage that is being inflicted onto the water fowl and ducklings that are in the region during the time of treatments. The exposure levels are at a high during the treatment process. Thus setting up a risk assessment frame work allows the assessor to take the uncertainties to another level to determine the effects on the contamination faze of the treatment time frame. A conceptual framework was developed that incorporated characteristics of chemicals, agricultural landscapes, and aquatic ecosystems that interact to influence exposure. From this framework, the workgroups designed a tiered system for the risk assessment process in which the assessment progresses from a deterministic assessment to probabilistic assessments of increasing complexity. Each tier includes several experimental and analytical options that reduce uncertainty and provide more complete descriptions of the aquatic environment (Environmental Proection Agency, 2012). The risk assessment was to use the field data to include the uncertainties that eliminates any more future concerns with affecting the species during this process, along with the reduction of the mortality rate among the ducklings. The breakdown of the uncertainties was used for predicting the magnitude and probabilities of adverse effects to non target aquatic and terrestrial species resulting from the introduction of pesticides into their environment the probabilistic analysis used in the assessment provides quantification towards the uncertainties in the risk estimate. The risk assessment of the complex exposure to the pesticides provides methods to estimate the probability and impacts resulting from exposure, in this approach. In al it sheds light on the case study that certain elements and processes need to be changed in all phases of general risk assessment. The ecological and social values of concern in the first case study Los Alamos National Laboratory is the different array of possibilities that are presented in the amount of species that are involved, establishing a structured assessment to eliminate the less valued resources. The process is used to establish the most valued resources to help in setting management goals and endpoints to complete the assessment. The ecological and social values of concern in the case study on pesticide contamination are that there are so many aspects on how to eliminate the less informative data to complete the case study. The social value is to combine the stakeholders concerns and incorporate assessment managers and assessors input to implement valued endpoints to reach a conclusion and game plan to eliminate the risk that are on hand. The social values of these cases, points to preserving the regions that are treated, eliminating the harm to all organisms in the ecosystem that is contaminated by the pesticides. The social values are that these regions house many species and food sources, this assessment breaks down the damage that is being done and the damages that are effecting the ducks in the region. The ponds are watersheds that protect the habitats of many organism, thus having a healthy environment is needed to produce a healthy ecosystem. The ecological view is to preserve the regions from harm, allowing the pesticides to be used in a manner that the organisms are not affected by them. The value of the ecological components in the Los Alamos National Laboratory case study would be the principle values the functional integrity, biodiversity, and the energy dynamics and nutrient contents. By doing so the strongest of the species are chosen to be valued endpoints, so positive results come from the assessment. The trade off would be instilling sensitive species that could be extinct with the decision to use as a value endpoint when they are too sensitive to give a positive result. The value of the ecological components in the effects of pesticides on aquatic systems is that the uncertainties of the valued resources are eliminated and evaluated to have the best valued endpoint to work with in the case study. The tradeoffs relating to the wildlife and development is that the species if not grasshoppers that are at risk then it is the ducks that are present during treatment process. The contamination will alter either one of these species value in the ecosystem. The risk assessment in these cases is determined by compiling the concerns of all parties involved and eliminating the less valued uncertainties, to have valued data to come up with goals to meet all of the concerns. Risk assessment is a process where scientific information is used to address potential environmental risks associated with pesticide use. Good regulatory decisions depend on documented scientific research, an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the specific risk assessment, and sound professional judgment in drawing conclusions from compiled data. Risk assessments should clearly identify pertinent facts and any assumptions deemed necessary to accurately evaluate the pesticide (Environmental Proection Agency, 2012). The probabilistic analysis process can be improved in the chapter 22 case study by more research of the effects on the organisms involved, along with going in another direction on controlling the grasshopper’s presence in these pothole regions. Doing a process of elimination of what harms of being caused by the toxin. The analysis can be altered to focus on the main risk factors and once those issues are addressed then one can run another assessment and conclusion as you eliminate even more sensitive data from the finale analyst. The conclusion to the analysis of the case study helps break the process of implementing different type of risk assessments for different issues on hand. The need to eliminate the more sensitive values and collection of data is the key to performing an assessment to help the environment. Finding the valued endpoints and compelling enough data to eliminate the more sensitive resources, to come up with a positive and accurate decision in the long run.

My Beautiful Place

I think we all have a beautiful place in our mind. I have a wonderful place that made me happy when I was a little girl. But sometimes I think that I am the only person who likes this place and I'm asking myself if this place will be as beautiful as I thought when I will go back to visit it again. Perhaps I made it beautiful in my mind. Located on Ireland’s dramatic coastline that has been carved out by the huge Atlantic waves, lonely lakes and lofty mountains that separate communities.Follow the coast round into the north and you’ll discover the famous stones of the Giant’s Causeway – a magical combination of myths, legends and mystical coastal scenery. My family grew up in Ireland as I wish i had, sadly I went to visit when I was still learning my ABCs. I can’t remember much, but the one place that I’d never forgotten was the Giants causeway. It’s on the battered shore and smells like a public toilet, but the astonishing beauty just takes your breath away.The crashing tides try grab your toes while standing on the edge, and the jelly bean coloured grass waved under that miserable sun. All is left now is crumbled rocks and magical crevices. The myth is that two enemy giants, Benandonner, who lived in Scotland, and Finn MacCool in Ireland. the two giants would shout across the sea to each other challenging a fight of strength. Finn MacCool decided to build a rocky path across the too, but exhausted by the work, he fell asleep on the causeway and was found by his giant wife Oonagh. Suddenly she saw Benandonner approaching, who was a huge giant.Knowing that Finn would be no match for the huge giant, she placed a coat on top of Finn Benandonner demanded to know where Finn was. Oonagh replied, â€Å"Be quiet or you will wake my child. † Seeing this, Benandonner had second thoughts. If that was the size of their child, how big would Finn be? He ran back to Scotland, smashing the causeway in his trail. This plac e is far, far-away in time and space, part of my childhood It means a lot to me because it is beautiful and natural, is a clean and quiet place in a world of noise and dirty air.